فصلنامه روابط خارجی
پیاپی 47 (پاییز 1399)

Today, the center of gravity of international politics and security has shifted from the Atlantic to the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The term Indo-Pacific is a term used to describe this evolution. Each of the major international powers is seeking to play a role in this area. This article seeks to answer the question of "what role does Europe play in the great Indo-Pacific game?" The hypothesis of the article, which has been studied by descriptive-analytical method, is that the European Union has already gained effective influence in the Indian and Pacific Oceans at the level of "national units" and "Union", but in order to play a more effective role, it can Institutionalization in this area. The interest of the countries in the region in the normative attitude of the European Union and their concern about the negative consequences of the Sino-US competition in the region has provided a good opportunity for Europe to play a role in the Indo-Pacific area. In addition, US efforts to establish a regional order embodied in the Indo-Pacific Strategy and China's efforts to establish a regional order embodied in the Belt-Road Initiative are mutually reinforcing, allowing Europe to do the same. By adopting an "inter-institutional" strategy, to regulate the regional order of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. Such a conclusion, within the framework of the role balance theory, practically reinforces the role of Europe, along with the United States and China, in the process of regional and global order developments.

The Corona crisis has involved most of the world in various forms by introducing new categories of security called health security. Instead of working together to address these challenges, some countries are moving toward competition and intolerance, resulting in the formation of new patterns in international order. In this context, the question that arises is "what effect will the Corona crisis have on the strategic dynamics of the international system and the model of world order?" In response to the hypothesis, it can be said that the "Corona crisis as an intervening and driving variable" has accelerated the process of strategic changes in the international system from the past; In such a way that the models of the liberal order no longer meet the diverse needs and concerns of human beings, the world system tends to move towards more non-Western models of international relations and more responsible political systems, such as the Eastern models or the transnational model of transnational government. Thus, the corona crisis cannot be considered as an independent variable that fundamentally changes the international order; Rather, it is an "intervening and accelerating variable" that will accelerate the process of change in the existing international order. Therefore, there is no disagreement about the fact that with the occurrence of the Corona crisis, the existing international order has witnessed changes and developments, but about how these changes will be, their intensity and depth, or how to manage this crisis. How it should be, there is a difference of opinion. In this article, using the descriptive-analytical method and the theories of international relations experts, we will examine the impact of the corona crisis on the strategic dynamics of the international system and the future of the world system.

Due to the importance of crises, they have been at the center of theorizing by International Relations and states' policy-making. The evolution of the international system has led to the development of the theoretical, analytical apparatus of crises. In this regard, the international system's change and transformation into a complex-chaotic model have confronted the crisis analytical device with new foundations and rules. Accordingly, given the existing literature's inefficiency in addressing this issue, the fundamental question arises of "how the causal mechanism of crisis formation in a complex and chaotic international system works?" This article focuses on the theory of complexity and chaos. The author emphasizes the modern global system's nonlinear logic and presents the crisis analysis system based on cognitive, causal, and law emergence. The article introduces the two models of heterarchy and Panarchy as the leading models shaping of emergence in international relations. Crises arise from the tendency of complex and chaotic global systems and their power dynamics to emergence and functions in two separate regions of complexity and adaptation that which lead to the activation of nonlinear mechanisms in such areas and then will cause a crisis.

The main purpose of this article is to analyze the principle and cognition of Danish foreign policy in a historical perspective. In modern times, Denmark has had the most Western-American orientation among the Nordic countries, as well as the European Union, along with the United Kingdom and Poland, and its main basis for activism foreign policy is maximum presence and participation in American-Western alliances in international system. The main question of this research is based on the morphology of the trends which lead Danish foreign policy and its decision-making processes. Accordingly, the article raises the question of what are the main model and policy-making reasons for the West-American orientation in Danish foreign policy. In response to the research question, the article emphasizes that the ruling of liberal parties in Danish domestic and foreign policy decision-making processes in contrast to the classical norms of the Left Social Democrats in a historical perspective, especially after the 2000s, leads  Denmark to choose an adaptive-activist approach in the international system and it is based on maximum alliance with the United States. This approach is contrasts with the classical approaches of passive-adaptive foreign policy during the Cold War era and it is also contradictory with Internationalism in Danish foreign policy after the Cold war. The method of the paper is based on qualitative analysis and examine of the cognitive rules which lead Danish foreign policy in a theoretical-historical background.

This article explores that Iran nuclear energy as an honor-driven action has not received attention in the International Relations (IR). To this end, the focus of this article is on the development of Iran nuclear energy technologies by Iranian scientists, particularly when heavy sanctions posed on Iran economy by the United States of America and the European Union. It is hypothesized that the Iranian public’s support for the government and young nuclear energy scientists has resulted in achieving honor in international relations. The analyses of this article benefit from Brent Steele’s honor driven actions and establishment of self and collective identity. The results indicate that Iranian public has supported the stance of the government on the peaceful nuclear energy as their indisputable rights to modernize their country. However, honor and tensions are side by side in IR. Iran has resisted to international sanctions and opened prospects for honor.

Basically, transition is a common phenomenon in the international system since its emersion. Apart from the international system, transition ability also be explained in the regions. Currently, one of the areas that most affected by the situation transition is the Middle East, and the two actors most affected by this phenomenon are Iran and Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the article with using the theory of "power transition", tries to explain the foreign policy strategies in situation of power transition and in the relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia. In this regard, the research question is based on "what principles is governor on strategy of the actors in situation the transition of power and the strategy of Iran and Saudi Arabia as a case study?" In answer to the above question, this hypothesis proposed that the strategy of the actors in situation the transition of power is formed according to the centrality and periphery of the actors and the type of structure transition in which they are involved. Continuation, the research with supposing assumption the transition situation in the Middle East, discusses with the strategies of Iran and Saudi Arabia in the transitional situation of the Middle East.